Governor
The Basics
Every state and territory in the US has a Governor, who leads the state government. Every eligible voter in your state gets to vote for your governor, and governors usually serve four-year terms. Some states have term limits and others allow governors to run for re-election as many times as they want.
The role of the governor is similar to the President, but only for your state – the governor can’t make laws by themselves, but they can tell the state government how to interpret and carry out state laws, and propose new laws to the legislature. They lead your state government’s executive branch, command the state’s defense forces (usually the state’s National Guard), and represent the state to the rest of the country and the world. The governor usually has a lot of influence over a state’s budget, which lays out how the state’s money can be spent. Your state’s budget determines how much money goes to schools, the criminal justice system, environmental projects, infrastructure, housing, and other programs. In some states, the Governor can propose a budget to the legislature; in other states, the legislature creates the budget but the Governor has the power to make changes.
Here are just a few important things your state’s governor can do:
- Sign bills that have passed the state legislature into law
- Reject a bill that has passed the state legislature if they don’t want it to become law – this is called a veto
- Pardon or commute the sentences of people who have been convicted of state crimes
- Appoint the leaders of important state government agencies, and choose people to serve on boards, commissions and task forces focused on specific policy topics
- Issue Executive Orders or Directives (these might be called something different in your state) that tell the state government how to carry out its duties and interpret existing laws
- Mobilize the state’s defense forces
- Declare an emergency – this usually gives the governor more powers and allows them to act quickly in an urgent situation when the state legislature can’t respond fast enough
How can I make my voice heard?
Governors make a lot of important decisions, and you – yes, you! – have the power to influence their choices. Check out our guide to advocating at the Governor’s office to find out how.
Source: the National Governors Association
What have Governors done?
Governors can use their power in a lot of different ways. Here are just a few examples of actions that have made a big impact:
- Ralph Northam
Virginia
Signed a bill to abolish the death penalty, making Virginia the first state in the South to do so, after making it a key goal of the 2021 legislative session - John Bel Edwards
Louisiana
Gave a posthumous pardon to Homer Plessy, a Black man who was arrested in 1892 for sitting in a whites-only train car. The arrest led to the Supreme Court ruling of Plessy v. Ferguson, which said segregation laws were legal and led to the Jim Crow era of legal segregation in the US - Tom Wolf
Pennsylvania
Used his veto power extensively – the second-most of any governor in PA since at least the 70s – to block policies passed by a state legislature that he often disagreed with, including abortion restrictions and rollbacks on anti-discrimination protections for LGBTQ+ people
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Virginia has one of the most strict felony disenfranchisement rules in the country, stating that anyone who has been convicted of any felony permanently loses their right to vote. This isn’t just a state law – it’s in the state constitution, which means it’s incredibly difficult to change, and only the governor has the power to restore civil rights to individuals. So Virginia’s governors have used that power to change how people get their voting rights back.
Governor Bob McDonnell, who held office 2010-2014, made it easier for people with non-violent felony convictions to get their rights back by removing a rule that made them wait two years and apply before they could vote again. The next governor, Terry McAuliffe (2014-2018), made even bigger changes. He shortened the waiting time for people with violent felonies, removed financial and paperwork barriers, and changed the definition of a “violent offense” so that people convicted of drug offenses wouldn’t automatically be blocked from getting their rights back. McAuliffe first tried to restore rights to all eligible people at once, but state courts blocked that effort, so he started approving applications individually every month while he was in office. Governor Ralph Northam (2018-2022) continued the process and expanded rights restoration to include people who were on parole or probation, as long as their sentence of incarceration was complete. Under Governor Northam, the process was not technically automatic, but everyone who was eligible and applied would have their rights restored.
Glenn Youngkin, who served from 2022 to January of 2026, used his pardon power differently by returning to an individual review process, meaning he decided whether to grant each person’s request individually. Under Youngkin, the process took 3 months or longer, and rights restoration was no longer guaranteed. This year Virginia has a new Governor, Abigail Spanberger, and the process may change yet again. As long as felony disenfranchisement is part of the Virginia constitution, governors will continue to have a lot of control over how voting rights are restored and how many Virginians with criminal convictions are able to vote.
Sources: the Brennan Center for Justice; Washington Post; William and Mary Law School; Office of the Virginia Governor
How does it work in my state?
Scroll down and click on your state to learn more about the specifics of the Governor’s powers and responsibilities where you live. (If your state isn’t here yet, check back often – we’re adding more info all the time.)
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Term limits: limited to two terms in a row, but can run again after sitting out at least one term; terms are four years
Eligibility: to run for Governor, you must be at least 25 years old and a registered Louisiana voter, and must have been a US citizen and Louisiana resident for at least 5 years
Louisiana elects its governor through a top-two system. The Governor runs the state government’s executive branch, and has a lot of power over the annual budget, education, criminal justice, and other important issues. Some of their most important powers and responsibilities are:
- Shaping the state budget
The Governor receives requests from different parts of the state government and submits a proposed budget to the state legislature; after lots of negotiation, the legislature sends the Governor a final budget, which they can either sign into law or veto - Line-item veto power
This power gives the Governor the option to reject specific parts of a bill or proposed state budget without vetoing the whole thing - Appointing important leaders throughout the state government
Including board chairs of Louisiana’s public colleges and universities, 3 members of the Board of Elementary and Secondary Education, and members of the Board of Pardons - Appointing a US Senator if there’s a short-term vacancy
If a US Senator from Louisiana can no longer serve and has less than one year left in their term, the governor can pick a temporary replacement – no election required. This is one of the governor’s most significant powers because it can impact the balance of power in Congress - Limited pardon power
The governor can grant pardons and commutations for state crimes, but usually only if the Board of Pardons recommends it
Sources: the Louisiana Constitution; Louisiana Executive Branch; Louisiana State Board of Elementary and Secondary Education; Congressional Research Service
- Shaping the state budget
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Term limits: limited to two terms in a row, but can run again after sitting out at least one term; terms are four years
Eligibility: to run for Governor, you must be at least 30 years old, eligible to vote in North Carolina, and have been a U.S. citizen for at least five years and a resident of North Carolina for at least two years before being elected
The Governor runs the executive branch of North Carolina’s state government, giving them a lot of power over the state budget, education, criminal justice, and other important issues. Some of their most important powers and responsibilities are:
- Acting as director of the state budget
The Governor prepares a recommended budget and submits it to the state legislature; after lots of negotiation, the legislature passes a final budget, which the Governor can either sign into law or veto. Since North Carolina doesn’t give its Governor line-item veto power, those negotiations are really important, because the Governor has to accept or reject the whole budget at once. - Leading the Council of State
This group is similar to the President’s cabinet, and is made up of all the other executive-level elected officials who run the various agencies of the executive branch. They advise the Governor on important policy issues - Appointing important leaders throughout state government
Including members of the State Board of Education (which sets policy for the state’s public education system), the Utilities Commission (which sets utility rates), and more. Some appointments need to be approved by the State Senate - Appointing replacement judges if there’s a vacancy on a court
Replacements serve until the term is over, or until there’s an election to fill the seat - Appointing replacements if a state-level executive official can no longer serve
If there’s a vacancy in the offices of Secretary of State, Attorney General, Auditor, Treasurer, Superintendent of Public Instruction, Agriculture Commissioner, Labor Commissioner, or Insurance Commissioner, the Governor can appoint a replacement to serve until the next general election. This gives the Governor a lot of power over different policy areas - Granting pardons, reprieves, commutations, and clemency for state crimes
Except in cases where someone was impeached from state or local government - Convening special sessions of the General Assembly
The Governor can require the state legislature to meet outside of its normal calendar to address emergencies or specific policy issues - Some exceptions to veto power
Redistricting bills, appointments, Constitutional amendments, and local bills (bills that affect fewer than 15 counties) cannot be vetoed by the Governor
Sources: the North Carolina Constitution, Article III, Article IV and Article VI; the North Carolina General Statutes Chapter 147; Office of the North Carolina Governor; the North Carolina Department of Public Instruction; the North Carolina Utilities Commission; the North Carolina Office of State Budget and Management; the North Carolina General Assembly’s educational resources (see ‘how an idea becomes a law’)
- Acting as director of the state budget
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Term limits: limited to two terms in a row, but can run again after sitting out at least one term; terms are four years
Eligibility: to run for Governor, must be at least 30 years old, a US citizen, and a resident of Pennsylvania for at least 7 years (unless you were living somewhere else while doing official business for the US or Pennsylvania government)
The Governor runs the state government’s executive branch, and has a lot of power over the annual budget, education, criminal justice, and other important issues. Some of their most important powers and responsibilities are:
- Shaping the Executive Budget
The Governor receives requests from different parts of the state government and submits a proposed budget to the state legislature; after lots of negotiation, the legislature sends the Governor a final budget, which they can either sign into law or veto - Supervising the Capital Budget
This budget is for one-time expenses (things like building a new government facility, repairing a bridge, buying public lands or other big public works and infrastructure projects) and is part of the Executive Budget; when a project is authorized as part of the final budget, the governor is responsible for the timeline of the project and managing any debt the state might need to take on to pay for it - Line-item veto power
This power gives the Governor the option to reject specific parts of a bill or proposed state budget without vetoing the whole thing - Appointing important leaders throughout the state government
Including the Secretary of Education, who oversees all of Pennsylvania’s public school districts; all nominees need to be confirmed by a majority vote of the State Senate - Limited pardon power
The governor can grant pardons and commutations for state crimes, but only if the Board of Pardons recommends it. Officials who have been impeached and removed from office cannot be pardoned
Sources: the Pennsylvania Constitution; Pennsylvania Office of the Budget
- Shaping the Executive Budget
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Term limits: Unlike in many other states, Virginia governors don’t have term limits, but they can’t serve two terms in a row – they need to sit out at least one term before running for office again. Historically, this has meant that Virginia has flipped back and forth between electing Democratic and Republican governors. Terms are four years
Eligibility: to run for Governor, you must be at least 30 years old, a US citizen, and have been a resident of Virginia and a registered voter in Virginia for at least 5 years
The Governor leads the state government’s executive branch. Because they can serve only one term at a time, Virginia governors usually try to hit the ground running and immediately work on achieving their policy goals when they come into office. Some of their most important powers and responsibilities are:
- Shaping the state budget
The Governor receives requests from different parts of the state government and submits a proposed budget to the state legislature; after lots of negotiation, the legislature sends the Governor a final budget, which they can either sign into law or veto - Line-item veto power
This power gives the Governor the option to reject specific parts of a bill or proposed state budget without vetoing the whole thing - Proposing amendments to any bill or budget
Amendments still need to be voted on by the General Assembly - Appointing the 11 members of the Governor’s Cabinet
Cabinet members are called Secretaries and they run the major departments in the state government, influencing education, healthcare, public safety, and more. Secretaries are nominated by the Governor and confirmed by a majority vote in the General Assembly - Pardon power
The Governor can issue pardons or reduce sentences for state crimes, unless the conviction came from the House of Delegates - Restoring civil rights and voting rights for people with felony convictions
- Appointing members to the boards of Virginia’s public colleges and universities
Sources: the Virginia Constitution; the National Governors Association; Library of Congress Research Guides; Get Ready VA; Office of the Virginia Governor
- Shaping the state budget